Solar Energy materials and solar cells impact factor:
How solar cells work
A solar cell is primarily made of an absorbent material such as silicon. Inside this material, light particles (photons) are absorbed and converted into 2 charge-carrying particles: a negatively charged electron and a positively charged hole. A hole isn't technically actually a particle, but it's really better to think of it as one. Both particles can move through the silicon freely and more or less independently of each other. If you leave the electrons and holes alone, they will eventually crash into each other and vanish into nothingness again (leaving either photons, heat, or both behind).
but this recombination process is slower than you think. For high-quality silicon, this takes milliseconds. That may sound short, but on the scale of atomic and electronic processes it could be an eternity.
So now you have all these electrons and holes flying around the place, but that's still not giving you any current. If you connected electrical wires to a silicon wafer and shone light on it, you would have electrons and holes going into one wire and electrons and holes going into the other. Instead, you want all the electrons to go into one wire and all the holes into the other. So how do you do it? The answer is simple: you place filters in front of the wires that let only one particular particle through. In chemistry and biology, such particle-specific filters are called semipermeable membranes. This is what we need.
What are solar energy storage materials
Gravity and mass. Lifting a mass to a greater height stores energy without much loss in the energy loop. Pumped hydropower is a common method of gravity energy storage, but the pumps themselves present a problem in the real world. Instead of pumping water to higher elevations with so much water turbulence and in an orbit, I propose that advanced transport along guideways can get this water to higher elevation lakes with much less loss. Clearly energy conservation and energy efficiency is the better option, and if we take sensible measures to save where we waste and DRASTICALLY improve our energy efficiency, then gravity energy storage will be all we need to bridge the night time PV solar outage ( Cheapest electricity today at $0.0135 per kilowatt hour ) DC transmission using extremely high voltage can bring PV solar electricity across multiple time zones and shorten nighttime energy storage by shortening the effective night. The last bullet is the increase in the price of electricity during the most expensive times of the day for energy. If the price difference is large enough, the amount of nighttime storage and energy recovery will fall well below what is expected today. Gravity has very little loss and can be relied upon.
Effective temperature on the solar panel
Solar cells are sensitive to higher temperatures. A higher outdoor temperature means that the semiconductor material of the solar panels heats up quickly and changes properties slightly, which is related to electrical losses and voltage drops.
A one-unit increase in temperature above the standard test temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius or 77 degrees Fahrenheit is estimated to reduce the energy output of the panel by 0.25 to 0.5 percent (depending on the type of module) and therefore reduce the efficiency of solar panels they will decrease significantly if we use them in a hot climate.
Reflection of sunlight as it hits solar panels
Sunlight reflection also significantly reduces the performance of solar cells. It is estimated that almost 30% of the light hitting a solar panel is reflected
Why can we see a solar panel? because it doesn't absorb sunlight completely!!
Inability to use the entire solar spectrum for energy production
An important point to note is that we cannot use the entire solar spectrum to generate electricity. For example, silicon-based solar cells cannot use light with a wavelength greater than 1100 nm because the energy of the photons involved will not be sufficient to excite the electrons. This means that about 20% of the solar spectrum cannot be used for energy production